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for dental technicians.

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP). It offers high strength, fracture toughness, and biocompatibility – ideal for implants and suprastructures.

Milled zirconia is better suited for custom-made restorations and offers high precision. PIM is ideal for series production of complex shapes, with a very homogeneous microstructure – commonly used for implant components. PIM stands for Powder Injection Molding.

Yes – if processed improperly, e.g., excessive pressure, dry grinding, or thermal shock. Always use diamond tools with water cooling!

Avoid forced fit – the model must fit precisely. Never press-fit or overstretch. For implant restorations on parallel abutments, always aim for a passive fit.

Sandblast with Al₂O₃ (30–50 µm) at 1–2 bar pressure, then clean (e.g., with alcohol or NaOCl), and optionally apply MDP primer.

No – conventional cements like zinc phosphate do not bond to zirconia. Use RMGI (for retentive cases) or an adhesive resin cement containing MDP (for low retention situations).

Self-adhesive resin cements containing MDP, such as Panavia V5, RelyX Unicem 2, or Multilink Hybrid Abutment, offer chemical bonding to zirconia.

By using the APC protocol:

A = Air abrasion (sandblasting)
P = Primer with MDP
C = Cementation with resin cement

No – zirconia is a definitive material. Long-term provisionals should be made from PMMA or PEKK to reduce fracture risk.

Yes – but not as primary friction elements. Zirconia is very hard and smooth, resulting in low friction. It’s often used as a secondary coping with a metal base or as the passive part of a hybrid solution.

For patients with extreme parafunctions (e.g., bruxism) or very limited space, titanium may be the better choice due to its higher fracture toughness and lower minimum wall thickness requirements.